The Wolf-Leader — Text and Context
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, short, thick-set, broad of shoulder, and sturdy of leg. His skin was burnt brown by the sun, his eyes were small and piercing, his hair grizzled, and his black whiskers met under his chin in a half circle.
As I look back, his figure rises before me, wearing a three-cornered hat, and clad in a green waistcoat with silver buttons, velveteen cord breeches, and high leathern gaiters, with a game-bag over his shoulder, his gun in his hand, and a cutty-pipe in his mouth.
Let us pause for a moment to consider this pipe, for this pipe grew to be, not merely an accessory, but an integral part of Mocquet. Nobody could remember ever having seen Mocquet without it. If by any chance Mocquet did not happen to have it in his mouth, he had it in his hand.
This pipe, having to accompany Mocquet into the heart of the thickest coverts, it was necessary that it should be of such a kind as to offer the least possible opportunity to any other solid body of bringing about its destruction; for the destruction of his old, well-coloured cutty would have been to Mocquet a loss that years alone could have repaired. Therefore the stem of Mocquet’s pipe was not more than half-an-inch long; moreover you might always wager that half that half inch at least was supplied by the quill of a feather.
This habit of never being without his pipe, which, by causing the almost entire disappearance of both canines, had hollowed out a sort of vice for itself on the left side of his mouth, between the fourth incisor and the first molar, had given rise to another of Mocquet’s habits; this was to speak with his teeth clenched, whereby a certain impression of obstinacy was conveyed by all he said.--This became even more marked if Mocquet chanced at any moment to take his pipe out of his mouth, for there was nothing then to prevent the jaws closing and the teeth coming together in a way which prevented the words passing through them at all except in a sort of whistle, which was hardly intelligible.
Such was Mocquet with respect to outward appearance. In the following pages I will endeavour to give some idea of his intellectual capacity and moral qualities.
Early one morning, before my father had risen, Mocquet walked into his room, and planted himself at the foot of the bed, stiff and upright as a sign-post.
“Well, Mocquet,” said my father, “what’s the matter now? what gives me the pleasure of seeing you here at this early hour?”
“The matter is, General,” replied Mocquet with the utmost gravity, “the matter is that I am _nightmared_.”
Mocquet had, quite unawares to himself, enriched the language with a double verb, both active and passive.
“You are _nightmared_?” responded my father, raising himself on his elbow. “Dear, dear, that’s a serious matter, my poor Mocquet.”
“You are right there, General.”
And Mocquet took his pipe out of his mouth, a thing he did rarely, and only on the most important occasions.
“And how long have you been _nightmared_?” continued my father compassionately.
“For a whole week, General.”
“And who by, Mocquet?”
“Ah! I know very well who by,” answered Mocquet, through his teeth, which were so much the more tightly closed that his pipe was in his hand, and his hand behind his back.
“And may I also know by whom?”
“By Mother Durand, of Haramont, who, as you will have heard, is an old witch.”
“No, indeed, I assure you I had no idea of such a thing.”
“Ah! but I know it well enough; I’ve seen her riding past on her broomstick to her Witches’ Sabbath.”
“You have seen her go by on her broomstick?”
“As plainly as I see you, General; and more than that, she has an old black billy-goat at home that she worships.”
“And why should she come and nightmare you?”
“To revenge herself on me, because I came upon her once at midnight on the heath of Gondreville, when she was dancing round and round in her devil’s circle.”
“This is a most serious accusation which you bring against her, my friend; and before repeating to anyone what you have been telling me in private, I think it would be as well if you tried to collect some more proofs.”
“Proofs! What more proofs do I want! Does not every soul in the village know that in her youth she was the Mistress of Thibault, the wolf-leader?”
“Indeed! I must look carefully into this matter, Mocquet.”
“I am looking very carefully into it myself, and she shall pay for it, the old mole!”
_Old mole_ was an expression that Mocquet had borrowed from his friend Pierre, the gardener, who, as he had no worse enemies to deal with than moles, gave the name of mole to everything and everybody that he particularly detested.
“I must look carefully into this matter”--these words were not said by my father by reason of any belief he had in the truth of Mocquet’s tale about his nightmare; and even the fact of the nightmare being admitted by him, he gave no credence to the idea that it was Mother Durand who had _nightmared_ the keeper. Far from it; but my father was not ignorant of the superstitions of the people, and he knew that belief in spells was still wide-spread among the peasantry in the country districts. He had heard of terrible acts of revenge carried out by the victims on some man or woman who they thought had bewitched them, in the belief that the charm would thus be broken; and Mocquet, while he stood denouncing Mother Durand to my father, had had such an accent of menace in his voice, and had given such a grip to his gun, that my father thought it wise to appear to agree with everything he said, in order to gain his confidence and so prevent him doing anything without first consulting him.
So, thinking that he had so far gained an influence over Mocquet, my father ventured to say:
“But before you make her pay for it, my good Mocquet, you ought to be quite sure that no one can cure you of your nightmare.”
“No one can cure me, General,” replied Mocquet in a tone of conviction.
“How! No one able to cure you?”
“No one; I have tried the impossible.”
“And how did you try?”
“First of all, I drank a large bowl of hot wine before going to bed.”
“And who recommended that remedy? was it Monsieur Lécosse?” Monsieur Lécosse was the doctor in repute at Villers-Cotterets.
“Monsieur Lécosse?” exclaimed Mocquet. “No, indeed! What should he know about spells! By my faith, no! it was not Monsieur Lécosse.”
“It was the shepherd of Longpré.”
“But a bowl of wine, you dunderhead! Why, you must have been dead drunk.”
“The shepherd drank half of it.”
“I see; now I understand why he prescribed it. And did the bowl of wine have any effect?”
“Not any, General; she came trampling over my chest that night, just as if I had taken nothing.”
“And what did you do next? You were not obliged, I suppose, to limit your efforts to your bowl of hot wine?”
“I did what I do when I want to catch a _wily beast_.”
Mocquet made use of a phraseology which was all his own; no one had ever succeeded in inducing him to say a _wild beast_; every time my father said _wild beast_, Mocquet would answer, “Yes, General, I know, a _wily beast_.”
“You still stick to your _wily beast_, then?” my father said to him on one occasion.
“Yes, General, but not out of obstinacy.”
“And why then, may I ask?”
“Because, General, with all due respect to you, you are mistaken about it.”
“Because you ought not to say a _wild beast_, but a _wily beast_.”
“And what is a _wily beast_, Mocquet?”
“It is an animal that only goes about at night; that is, an animal that creeps into the pigeon-houses and kills the pigeons, like the pole-cat, or into the chicken-houses, to kill the chickens, like the fox; or into the folds, to kill the sheep, like the wolf; it means an animal which is cunning and deceitful, in short, a _wily beast_.”
It was impossible to find anything to say after such a logical definition as this.--My father, therefore, remained silent, and Mocquet, feeling that he had gained a victory, continued to call _wild beasts_, _wily beasts_, utterly unable to understand my father’s obstinacy in continuing to call _wily beasts_, _wild beasts_.
So now you understand why, when my father asked him what else he had done, Mocquet answered, “I did what I do when I want to catch a _wily beast_.”
We have interrupted the conversation to give this explanation; but as there was no need of explanation between my father and Mocquet, they had gone on talking, you must understand, without any such break.
“And what is it you do, Mocquet, when you want to catch this animal of yours?” asked my father.
“I set a _trarp_, General.” Mocquet always called a trap a trarp.
“Do you mean to tell me you have set a trap to catch Mother Durand?”
My father had of course said _trap_; but Mocquet did not like anyone to pronounce words differently from himself, so he went on:
“Just so, General; I have set a _trarp_ for Mother Durand.”
“And where have you put your _trarp_? Outside your door?”
My father, you see, was willing to make concessions.
“Outside my door! Much good that would be! I only know she gets into my room, but I cannot even guess which way she comes.”
“Down the chimney, perhaps?”
“There is no chimney, and besides, I never see her until I feel her.”
“And you do see her, then?”
“As plainly I see you, General.”
“And what does she do?”
“Nothing agreeable, you may be sure; she tramples all over my chest: thud, thud! thump, thump!”
“Well, where _have_ you set your trap, then?”
“The _trarp_, why, I put it on my own stomach.”
“And what kind of a _trarp_ did you use?”
“Oh! a first-rate _trarp_!”
“The one I made to catch the grey wolf with, that used to kill M. Destournelles’ sheep.”
“Not such a first-rate one, then, for the grey wolf ate up your bait, and then bolted.”
“You know why he was not caught, General.”
“Because it was the black wolf that belonged to old Thibault, the sabot-maker.”
“It could not have been Thibault’s black wolf, for you said yourself just this moment that the wolf that used to come and kill M. Destournelles’ sheep was a grey one.”
“He is grey now, General; but thirty years ago, when Thibault the sabot-maker was alive, he was black; and, to assure you of the truth of this, look at my hair, which was black as a raven’s thirty years ago, and now is as grey as the Doctor’s.”
The Doctor was a cat, an animal of some fame, that you will find mentioned in my _Mémoires_ and known as the Doctor on account of the magnificent fur which nature had given it for a coat.
“Yes,” replied my father, “I know your tale about Thibault, the sabot-maker; but, if the black wolf is the devil, Mocquet, as you say he is, he would not change colour.”
“Not at all, General; only it takes him a hundred years to become quite white, and the last midnight of every hundred years, he turns black as a coal again.”
“I give up the case, then, Mocquet: all I ask is, that you will not tell my son this fine tale of yours, until he is fifteen at least.”
“Because it is no use stuffing his mind with nonsense of that kind, until he is old enough to laugh at wolves, whether they are white, grey or black.”
“It shall be as you say, General; he shall hear nothing of this matter.”
“Where had we got to, General?”
“We had got to your _trarp_, which you had put on your stomach, and you were saying that it was a first-rate _trarp_.”
“By my faith, General, that was a first-rate _trarp_!” It weighed a good ten pounds. What am I saying! fifteen pounds at least with its chain!
I put the chain over my wrist.
“And what happened that night?”
“That night? why, it was worse than ever! Generally, it was in her leather overshoes she came and kneaded my chest, but that night she came in her wooden _sabots_.”
“And she comes like this...?”
“Every blessed one of God’s nights, and it is making me quite thin; you can see for yourself, General, I am growing as thin as a lath. However, this morning I made up my mind.”
“And what did you decide upon, Mocquet?”
“Well, then, I made up my mind I would let fly at her with my gun.”
“That was a wise decision to come to. And when do you think of carrying it out?”
“This evening, or to-morrow at latest, General.”
“Confound it! And just as I was wanting to send you over to Villers-Hellon.”
“That won’t matter, General. Was it something that you wanted done at once?”
“Very well, then, I can go over to Villers-Hellon,--it’s not above a few miles, if I go through the wood--and get back here this evening; the journey both ways is only twenty-four miles, and we have covered a few more than that before now out shooting, General.”
“That’s settled, then; I will write a letter for you to give to M. Collard, and then you can start.”
“I will start, General, without a moment’s delay.”
My father rose, and wrote to M. Collard; the letter was as follows:
“I am sending you that idiot of a keeper of mine, whom you know; he has taken into his head that an old woman _nightmares_ him every night, and, to rid himself of this vampire, he intends nothing more nor less than to kill her.
“Justice, however, might not look favourably on this method of his for curing himself of indigestion, and so I am going to start him off to you on a pretext of some kind or other. Will you, also, on some pretext or other, send him on, as soon as he gets to you, to Danré, at Vouty, who will send him on to Dulauloy, who, with or without pretext, may then, as far as I care, send him on to the devil?
“In short, he must be kept going for a fortnight at least. By that time we shall have moved out of here and shall be at Antilly, and as he will then no longer be in the district of Haramont, and as his nightmare will probably have left him on the way, Mother Durand will be able to sleep in peace, which I should certainly not advise her to do if Mocquet were remaining anywhere in her neighbourhood.
“He is bringing you six brace of snipe and a hare, which we shot while out yesterday on the marshes of Vallue.
“A thousand-and-one of my tenderest remembrances to the fair Herminie, and as many kisses to the dear little Caroline.
An hour later Mocquet was on his way, and, at the end of three weeks, he rejoined us at Antilly.
“Well,” asked my father, seeing him reappear in robust health, “well, and how about Mother Durand?”
“Well, General,” replied Mocquet cheerfully, “I’ve got rid of the old mole; it seems she has no power except in her own district.”
Twelve years had passed since Mocquet’s nightmare, and I was now over fifteen years of age. It was the winter of 1817 to 1818; ten years before that date I had, alas! lost my father.
We no longer had a Pierre for gardener, a Hippolyte for valet, or a Mocquet for keeper; we no longer lived at the Château of Les Fossés or in the villa at Antilly, but in the market-place of Villers Cotterets, in a little house opposite the fountain, where my mother kept a _bureau de tabac_, selling powder and shot as well over the same counter.
As you have already read in my _Mémoires_, although still young, I was an enthusiastic sportsman. As far as sport went, however, that is according to the usual acceptation of the word, I had none, except when my cousin, M. Deviolaine, the ranger of the forest at Villers-Cotterets, was kind enough to ask leave of my mother to take me with him. I filled up the remainder of my time with poaching.
For this double function of sportsman and poacher I was well provided with a delightful single-barrelled gun, on which was engraven the monogram of the Princess Borghese, to whom it had originally belonged. My father had given it me when I was a child, and when, after his death, everything had to be sold, I implored so urgently to be allowed to keep my gun, that it was not sold with the other weapons, and the horses and carriages.
The most enjoyable time for me was the winter; then the snow lay on the ground, and the birds, in their search for food, were ready to come wherever grain was sprinkled for them. Some of my father’s old friends had fine gardens, and I was at liberty to go and shoot the birds there as I liked. So I used to sweep the snow away, spread some grain, and, hiding myself within easy gun-shot, fire at the birds, sometimes killing six, eight, or even ten at a time.
Then, if the snow lasted, there was another thing to look forward to,--the chance of tracing a wolf to its lair, and a wolf so traced was everybody’s property. The wolf, being a public enemy, a murderer beyond the pale of the law, might be shot at by all or anyone, and so, in spite of my mother’s cries, who dreaded the double danger for me, you need not ask if I seized my gun, and was first on the spot ready for sport.
The winter of 1817 to 1818 had been long and severe; the snow was lying a foot deep on the ground, and so hard frozen that it had held for a fortnight past, and still there were no tidings of anything.
Towards four o’clock one afternoon Mocquet called upon us; he had come to lay in his stock of powder. While so doing, he looked at me and winked with one eye. When he went out, I followed.
“What is it, Mocquet?” I asked, “tell me.”
“Can’t you guess, Monsieur Alexandre?”
“You don’t guess, then, that if I come and buy powder here from Madame, your mother, instead of going to Haramont for it,--in short, if I walk three miles instead of only a quarter that distance, that I might possibly have a bit of a shoot to propose to you?”
“Oh, you good Mocquet! and what and where?”
“There’s a wolf, Monsieur Alexandre.”
“He carried off one of M. Destournelles’ sheep last night, I have traced him to the Tillet woods.”
“Why then, I am certain to see him again to-night, and shall find out where his lair is, and to-morrow morning we’ll finish his business for him.”
“Only, we must first ask leave....”
“All right, come in, then, we will ask her at once.”
My mother had been watching us through the window; she suspected that some plot was hatching between us.
“I have no patience with you, Mocquet,” she said, as we went in, “you have no sense or discretion.”
“In what way, Madame?” asked Mocquet.
“To go exciting him in the way you do; he thinks too much of sport as it is.”
“Nay, Madame, it is with him, as with dogs of breed; his father was a sportsman, he is a sportsman, and his son will be a sportsman after him; you must make up your mind to that.”
“And supposing some harm should come to him?”
“Harm come to him with me? With Mocquet? No, indeed! I will answer for it with my own life, that he shall be safe. Harm happen to him, to him, the General’s son? Never, never, never!”
But my poor mother shook her head; I went to her and flung my arms round her neck.
“Mother, dearest,” I cried, “please let me go.”
“You will load his gun for him, then, Mocquet?”
“Have no fear, sixty grains of powder, not a grain more or less, and a twenty to the pound bullet.”
The Wolf-Leader opens with a framing device: an introduction explaining how the narrator learned the story from a man named Mocquet, grounding the fantastical events in oral tradition. The tale proper begins with Thibault, a shoemaker, stumbling home drunk from a bailiff's dinner. A chance encounter with a mysterious figure—mistaken for a lover using Thibault's shoulders as a ladder—escalates into a brawl. Thibault fells his giant opponent with a stone, then flees into the forest. This sequence establishes the novel's pattern: everyday village life punctured by sudden violence, with the forest as both refuge and threshold to the supernatural.
Forest Thresholds and Supernatural Encounters
The forest in The Wolf-Leader is not mere backdrop but a liminal space where human rules dissolve. Thibault's flight after the brawl leads him deeper into the woods, where he meets a black wolf—a creature that speaks and offers a pact. Dumas contrasts the cramped, candlelit interiors of the bailiff's house and the shoemaker's workshop with the open, unpredictable forest. The wolf's appearance is abrupt: "An immense Wolf entered the Room, walking on its hind Legs" (frontispiece caption). This intrusion of the wild into domestic space recurs, most notably when wolves invade a sheep-fold in Chapter XII. The structure alternates between enclosed settings (the mill, the village wedding) and forest scenes, each transition marking a shift in Thibault's fortunes.
The Pact and Its Uneven Consequences
Thibault's pact with the devil, sealed through a "bedevilled hair" (Chapter VI), grants him wishes but with escalating costs. The narrative tracks his wishes in sequence: each one brings temporary gain—wealth, power, revenge—but twists against him. Dumas uses a repetitive structure: Thibault makes a wish, enjoys a brief triumph, then suffers a disproportionate setback. The wishes are not abstract; they target specific grievances from the opening chapters, such as his humiliation by the bailiff and the mysterious giant. The devil's terms remain vague, creating suspense. Notably, the wishes affect not only Thibault but also those around him, implicating the village community in his moral decline.
Voice and Dialogue as Characterization
Dumas renders Thibault's voice through colloquial, irritable speech. His touchiness about insults—"Thibault was at all times touchy as to the way people addressed him"—drives the brawl scene and later conflicts. The dialogue is rapid and combative, with characters trading threats and barbs. The unknown adversary's retort, "I am a good Jew, you see, and pay you back your money before weighing your coin," shows Dumas's use of proverbial language. The translation by A. R. Allinson preserves this rhythmic, punchy exchange. Thibault's internal monologue is sparse; his character emerges through what he says and how others react. Secondary figures, like the bailiff and the boy at the mill, speak in distinct registers, from pompous to plaintive.
Recurring Motifs: Wolves, Cloaks, and Stones
Certain images recur with symbolic weight. The wolf appears not only as the devil's emissary but as a literal threat (the sheep-fold raid) and as a metaphor for Thibault's predatory nature. Cloaks and pieces of fabric feature in the brawl—Thibault seizes the unknown man's cloak—and later in scenes of disguise or concealment. Stones are weapons: Thibault fells the giant with a stone, and the act echoes in later confrontations. These motifs link otherwise disparate episodes, creating a cohesive texture. The structure of the novel, with its numbered chapters and titled sections, allows these images to echo across the narrative without becoming mechanical.
Readers attentive to the novel's movement between forest and village will notice how Dumas uses setting to mirror Thibault's moral trajectory. The framing introduction, with its claim of oral transmission, invites skepticism about the supernatural events—or belief. Pay attention to the moments when the narrative shifts from third-person to reported speech, as these often signal the legend's intrusion into the real. The wolf is never fully explained, and that ambiguity is the story's engine.
Reading about Thibault’s quiet village turning wild reminded me of sitting alone in my school library, the hush broken only by pages turning. It felt like the strange, muted ache in The Wolf-Leader’s domestic scenes found a softer echo in The Youngest Girl in the Fifth: A School Story — Themes and Context—that same loneliness hiding just beneath the ordinary, waiting for a howl. One memory simply folded into the other.
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